Land use/land cover change is an important cause of global climate change,the process of land use/cover change not only contains a lot of information about human activities. Moreover, land use/cover change will also produce a series of environmental effects, exacerbating regional land degradation, water and soil loss, flood disasters, river water quality deterioration and lake eutrophication, reducing biodiversity, etc. It has become a widespread concern and research hotspot in the international community and academia.

Various plant communities composed of many plants are distributed on the land surface, such as forests, grasslands, shrubs, deserts, meadows, swamps, etc., which are collectively referred to as the vegetation of the region.Vegetation is the source of food, raw materials and fuel for human life.Vegetation coverage is one of the most important indicators to measure surface vegetation coverage. Vegetation coverage is taken as an important input parameter in land desertification assessment, water and soil loss monitoring and distributed hydrological model.

Climate, including temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind (including wind direction and wind speed), precipitation, atmospheric composition and many other meteorological elements based on statistical data over a long period of time (generally more than several decades) and in specific regions; In addition to the "average" of weather, it also includes weather changes, extreme conditions, and the occurrence of abnormal conditions. Compared with climate, weather refers to the real-time state of these meteorological elements in recent two weeks.

Social data can show the social development level of regions and countries and people's living conditions from the side, which plays an extremely important role in the sustainable development of the whole society. Open and comprehensive social data resources can help researchers, officials, medical workers and ordinary people to have a deeper understanding of social development, and are committed to collecting various types of relevant open social data from around the world.

The surface water of the earth forms the hydrosphere, including the water in oceans, rivers, lakes, marshes, glaciers, snow, groundwater and atmosphere.Water is an important resource for human life. It is necessary to ingest 2-3 liters of water a day and provide water for people's daily life and industrial and agricultural production, especially for agriculture. The origin of human civilization is mostly in the big river basin. Early cities were generally built near the water to solve the problems of irrigation, drinking and sewage discharge. In human daily life, water plays an indispensable role in all aspects of human life.